NKO: Krill Oil

Polar Oceans

The polar oceans are very different from other ocean habitats in many ways, despite the existence of ice in the oceans polar distinction imposes major habitat. Sea ice affects polar microorganisms by limiting the penetration of light in the upper ocean and by providing a unique environment of the ocean surface, sea ice provides a support for a variety and dynamic assembly of micro-organisms such as prokaryotes and phytoplankton often referred to as a community of microorganisms in sea ice (SIMCO).

The physical environment
The exclusion of brine throughout the process of formation of sea ice, along with the merger in the summer season, contributing to persistent stratification and the main column water (Hodges et al., 2005). This particular situation to the Arctic Ocean, where ice cover limits the eternal sea wind mixing, while the nature geographical watershed (land locked) limits the water exchange with lower latitudes (to Hodges et al., 1996) Other features of the polar oceans, as extreme seasonal variation in primary production and carbon fluctuations and low temperature, often more intensive in comparison with other environmental ocean. The main and only difference between the existing polar oceans are due to the fact that the Arctic Ocean basin is a land locked geographical who receives approximately 10% of global freshwater runoff (the Junge et al., 2002). While the polar ocean another called Southern Ocean surrounds a mass of land enclosed by sea ice and away from the lower waters circumpolar latitudes by a front final. The rivers that supply water to the Arctic Ocean exhaust lower latitude terrestrial habitats, including boreal forests and tundra. These rivers are major sources of organic carbon both extensive Arctic Ocean. Southern Ocean receives no such subsidy terrestrial carbon (Massana et al. 1998).
tirelessly limited areas of open water environments offer a variety of areas are under the sea ice cover during most of the year. These areas of open water known as polynyas, which occur as a result of a variety of physical processes. A number of studies have shown that microorganisms within the polynya are alive, active and vigorous in comparison to their counterparts under the ice cover adjacent habitat. However, there is little or no overlap between the species of phytoplankton in the polynyas and adjacent sea ice and phytoplankton communities identifiable mass associated with water (Lovejoy et al., 2002b). Other studies have shown that archaea and microbial communities found in polynya are equally to polynya microorganisms other than those in specialized ice communities Tues

Producers and consumers
In deep oceans polar, such as the Canadian Arctic Basin, cold temperatures are manifold by high hydrostatic pressure, which sometimes reach heights of 400 atmospheres or more, the correlation with water depth. The organisms or organisms that live in these extreme circumstances should good at getting food or subjected to long periods without food, because less than 10% of food available in the polar oceans are produced by the process of photosynthesis in habitats pollinia, including phytoplankton float in the water or the algae that took the ice cover (López-García et al., 2001a). Some foods however, the drain upper ocean to feed the microorganism to the deepest part of the ocean, but still insufficient food to sustain life in the oceans polar. The food web of the polar oceans starts with algae, such as marine life, including proportional diatoms formed rigid shells of silicate. Algae small organisms are eaten by invertebrates as well as shrimp and krill. In the ocean near Arctartic, krill is an essential source of food consumed by a variety of marine organisms and, with beards, fish, and Adelie penguins, and whales (Kottmeier and Sullivan, 1987). Penguins are prey sequentially leopard seal. The consumer peak in Antarctica is none other than the great whale, which feeds on seals and penguins. Thus overfishing of krill in the polar oceans may jeopardize the krill, but the seals, penguins and whales too.
Kelp forests are another ecosystem inimitable. These are the brown algae that can grow up to two feet in one day, in time to reach a height of about eighty meters (at Grzymski et al., 2006). type small copepod crustaceans are among the animals that feed on plankton, algae and detritus floating in the larger invertebrates such as abalone and sea urchins, algae and forage sequentially prey of sea otters. The decreases in water quality and over harvesting of marine algae have damaged the efficiency, productivity and ecosystem production polar. Discharges resulting from nuclear power increases the temperature of the water just enough abalone and sea urchin survival and growth of algae and exploit it thinning both the size of seagrass beds.

The zooplankton is another of consumers between the polar ocean organisms migrate up and down in the ocean preying on a daily basis its own weight in carbon exciting minutes phytoplankton, which float with the currents near the ocean surface layers (Junge et al. 2004). About 10,000 pounds of phytoplankton is needed to feed 1,000 pounds of smaller zooplankton, which holds 100 pounds of larger zooplankton, which supports 10 pounds of smaller fish species (such as anchovies or sardines), which holds a 1 pound of a larger fish species, such as those caught for human consumption (Johnson et al., 2006). A number of species of whales and birds depend directly on zooplankton, while others are based on the highest fish preying on zooplankton in the chain food. Micro algae result fortification intense carbon in sea ice, which resulted in micro production and food supply for herbivorous metazoans. Bacterioplankton, including people living in the fields of archaea and bacteria "dictate" the piciplankton in the South and the Arctic Ocean (Letelier and Karl, 1989).

The most important role of these microorganisms in the polar oceans is comparable to its role in lower latitudes: to grow, heterotrophic photo heterotrophs use organic carbon and created by phytoplankton and sea ice algae. Chemolithoautotropic bacteria appear to be widely propagated in the polar oceans and inorganic nitrogen and sulfur arbitrate alterations. tempos secondary production in polar waters during the summer are comparable to lower latitudes despite the cooler ocean temperatures (at Hollibaugh et al., 1992).

Community interactions
Some people see whales, other people love swimming with dolphins. Others make their living fishing giant tuna in a giant ocean. These micro-organisms in the oceans and polar limit our concentration and imagination. Therefore, have a link to all organisms living in polar oceans, floating plants that provide us with infinitesimal oxygen blue whale, which fills its "belly" in a tone of krill (Kottmeier and Sullivan, 1987). Infinitesimal or huge, animal or plant, muddy coast to the deep ocean floor, living organisms of the ocean to confirm its endless diversity, and biodiversity. Scientists may have articular million species beyond what we distinguish swimming, crawling, and even floating in the deepest parts of the polar oceans, and as usual without be seen by a human being (Hollibaugh et al., 2005). Each ecosystem consists of a community of organisms living in it that are interrelated in relations made in circumstances other than salinity, water temperature, currents and chemical composition. In the polar oceans organisms such as worms have no digestive system, but contain many bacteria in their tissues of symbiotic relationship. In this world of clouded, a variety of sulfur-loving bacteria is the supply of worms for food. The clouds of bacteria use hydrogen sulfide from the worms as a source of energy. In most other food webs dioxide makes plants carbon in food by photosynthesis process food. These bacteria are capable of converting atypical hydrogen sulfide within the maggots in the food through the process of chemosynthesis (Karner et al., 2001).

Conclusion
Understanding the diversity of polar ocean ecosystems helps us better appreciate the significant connections between polar ocean bodies and proposes the amount we have to learn about the polar oceans. This understanding well, lifts words of caution about the need to keep an eye on human activities to maintain these correlations to be released and to provide protection appropriate biodiversity in the polar oceans.

About the Author

The author Anna Petrescu has academic writing experience of over 5 years. She holds a PHD in education from Cambridge. She has been assisting students in writing professional academic papers including thesis, dissertations, research papers and term papers. bestessayscenter.com